How Fiber Optics Work
Basics of Light Transmission
Fiber optics work by transmitting light signals through the core of the fiber. The core is surrounded by cladding, which has a lower refractive index than the core, causing the light to be reflected back into the core as it travels.
Role of Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
Refraction:
When light enters the fiber optic cable, it passes from one medium to another (e.g., from air to glass), causing it to bend or refract. The degree of bending depends on the refractive indices of the two media.
Total Internal Reflection:
When light hits the boundary between the core and cladding at a certain angle (the critical angle), it is completely reflected back into the core rather than passing into the cladding. This phenomenon, known as total internal reflection, allows light to travel through the fiber with minimal loss.
Critical Angle: The minimum angle of incidence at which total internal reflection occurs. It is determined by the refractive indices of the core and cladding.